C  ON  ST  I TUTION 


FOR  THE 

United  Nations  Of  The  Earth 


THIRD  EDITION 


PAMPHLET  PUBLISHING  CO., 
Fall  River,  Mass. 


/ 


PREFACE. 


This  Constitution"  was  originally  issued  without  a  foreword. 
Some  nave  regarded  the  proposed  convention  as  a  mere  copy  of  the 
Constitution  of  the  United  Status  of  America,  others  have  criticised  it 
for  us  deviations  from  the  American  model,  and  still  others  have  seen 
in  the  document  an  attempt  to  mould  the  entire  world  into  one  nation 
In  the  hope  of  inducing  a  more  careful  reading  of  the  Suggested  com- 
pact, the  author  ventures  to  write  a  preface  to  this  third  edition. 

In  1X42  Tennyson's  phrase  was,  "In  the  Parliament  of  man,  in 
the  Federation  of  the  world." 

Victor  Hugo  had  ideas  on  a  "United  States  of  Europe." 

In  a  hook  printed  by  the  League  to  Enforce  Peace,  page  50,  Pro- 
fessor John  Bates  Clark  is  reported  as  saying,  "In  the  long' run  all 
Europe  should  he  consolidated." 

Still  more  advanced  ground  is  taken  hy  many. 

In  the  meantime  the  people  of  America  have  been  appalled  hy 
the  prodigious  military  and  naval  power  displayed  hy  the  warring 
nations,  and  they  have  been  forced  to  acknowledge  their  comparative 
helplessness. 

At  Molionk  Lake.  May  20.  1015,  Dr.  John  Grier  Hibben,  President 
of  Princeton  University,  was  reported  as  advocating  a  "wise  prepared- 
ness of  our  military  forces  in  the  United  States." 

Shocking  as  this  proposal  is,  and  necessary  as  every  patriotic  man 
must  admit  it  to  be  tinder  the  circumstances,  the  question  is  in  the 
minds  of  all,  "Cannot  something  he  added  to  preparedness?  Cannot 
preventive  measures  be  taken  in  addition?" 

Saiil  Mr.  Herbert  S.  Houston  at  the  annual  meeting  of  the  New 
\ork  Peace  Society.  "Peace  must  be  put  on  a  war  fooling." 

In  the  New  York  Times  of  November  2,j.  11)14,  Dr.  David  Starr 
Jordan.  Chancellor  of  Leland  Stanford,  Jr.,  'University,  is  quoted  as 
saying  at  the  Broadway  Tabernacle,  New  York,  "We  should  lake  the 
initiative  in  organizing  a  United  Slates  of  the  World." 

That  great  superman,  W.  T.  Stead,  bad  a  similar  idea. 

But  beware  of  an  inadequate  combination  of  nations.  Remember 
the  United  States  of  America  under  the  Articles  of  Confederation, 
1781  to  1789. 

At  Mohonk  Lake,  May  18,  Dr.  George  Haven  Putnam  said,  "The 
international  tribunal  at  The  Hague  had  the  weakness  of  presenting  no 
provision  for  the  enforcement  of  its  decisions." 

John  Bassett  Moore,  in  his  presidential  address  before  the  Lake 
Mohonk  Conference  of  International  Arbitration  on  May  ig,  1915, 
says:  "At  the  present  day  the  world  is  groping  about  for  something 
that  w  ill  establish  a  reign  of  law  among  nations  similar  to  that  which 
exists  within  each  individual  State."  Also,  he  stated.  "Before  a  reign 
of  law  among  nations  could  become  a  fact,  the  principle  that  every 
nation  has  the  right  to  declare  war  and  assume  the  rights  of  conquest 
would  have  to  be  restricted." 


President  A.  Lawrence  Lowell,  of  Harvard  University,  warns 
against  consultation  after  difficulties  arise  about  what  to  do,  and  is 
reported  by  the  League  to  Enforce  Peace  as  saying,  "We  need  abso- 
lute enforcement."  Also.  "For  us  to  meet  together  and  advise  the 
nations  of  Europe  what  they  had  rjetter  do,  but  which  we  think  we  had 
better  not  take  a  part  in,  is,  to  say  the  least,  injudicious."  And  agajn, 
"The  fact  is  that  the  United  States  should  be  a  member  of  any  League 
of  Peace  which  we  advocate." 

The  Hon.  Theodore  Marburg  cites  the  reluctance  of  nations  to 
make  the  surrender  of  sovereignty  and  independence  that  would  be 
involved  in  a  league  whose  purpose  is  to  resort  to  force. 

Says  Norman  Angell,  "If  we  do  not  mix  in  European  affairs, 
Europe  will  mix  in  ours." 

In  an  article  in  the  New  York  Times  of  August  16,  1914,  and 
also  in  his  pamphlet  issued  by  the  Church  Peace  Union,  Professor 
Irving  Fisher  exclaims:  "Wanted,  an  international  government!"  He 
mentions  a  possible  plan  providing  "that  the  entire  miltary  force  of  the 
members  should  be  subject  to  the  call  of  the  league  when  necessary." 
"The  league  would  be,  in  fact,  a  rudimentary  super-government.  But 
its  powers  would  be  limited  to  the  one  function  of  keeping  the  peace, 
unless  by  common  consent  the  nations  chose  to  add  to  those  powers 
a  supervision  over  other  international  affairs.  No  nation  would  lose 
anything  except  the  right  to  fight  other  nations." 

in  (be  New  York  Times  of  October  15,  1914,  Andrew  Carnegie 
is  reported  as  writing,  "After  the  present  belligerents  agree  upon 
peaceful  settlement,  Germany  and  Austria  should  be  the  first  invited 
jy  the  {entente)  allies  to  join  in  forming  a  league  of  peace.  Should 
they  accept,  then  some  of  the  other  nations  should  be  invited.  One 
general  World  Peace  Commission  should  be  established  to  which  each 
member  shall  contribute  toward  expenditure  in  proportion  to  its  popula- 
tion and  wealth." 

Dr.  Nicholas  Murray  Butler,  President  of  Columbia  University, 
in  the  New  York  Times  of  Sunday,  October  18,  1914,  is  quoted  as  say- 
ing approving!),  "There  will  be  a  federation  into  the  United  States  of 
Europe." 

In  the  New  York  Times  Magazine  of  May  16,  1915,  he  is  quoted 
by  Edward  Marshall  as  counseling  against  a  United  States  of  the  two 
Americas  but  in  favor  of  a  sufficiently  close  understanding  with  the 
republics  of  the  southern  continent  to  enable  Pan-America  to  say  to 
(he  old  world,  "Now.  you  gentlemen  of  Europe,  if  you  must  fight,  we 
serve  notice  that  you  have  got  to  fight  on  your  side  of  the  world.  Please 
stay  on  your -side  of  the  Atlantic  when  you  go  to  war,"  and  the  gentle- 
men arc  still  doing  so. 

The  world  seems  to  be  losing  faith  in  mere  treaties,  ententes  and 
alliances.  And  it  does  not  seem  to  wish  to  see  the  world  again  divided 
between  a  Rome  and  a  Carthage.  There  seems  to  be  little  faith  that 
the  stronger  party  will  always  fight  on  its  own  side  of  the  water.  It  is 
generally  realized  that  the  Atlantic,  or  even  the  Pacific,  is  far  narrower 
than  the  Mediterranean  used  to  be. 

In  a  series  of  remarkably  lucid  and  instructive  articles  in  the  New 


"York  Times,  Dr.  Charles  W.  Eliot.  President  Emeritus  of  Harvard 
•University,  has  been  developing  more  and  more  advanced  ideas  on 
world  union.  Under  date  of  September  22,  1914,  he  commended  a 
tribunal  not  competent  of  itself,  but  authorized  to  call  upon  the  aflili- 
.ated  nations  for  force  necessary  to  induce  obedience  to  its  decrees. 
On  March  12,  19 15,  he  takes  still  more  progressive  ground  and  advo- 
cates a  comprehensive  European  union  and  federation  competent  to 
procure  and  keep  peace.  In  the  same  periodical  on  July  18,  191 5,  the 
■doctor  presents  still  more  progressive  ideas  involving  the  inclusion  of 
the  United  States  of  America,  and  demonstrating  that  the  world 
league's  military  and  naval  forces  should  be  ready,  effective,  strong, 
trustworthy  and  sufficient,  while  limited  to  the  prevention  and  punish- 
ment of  violation  of  international  agreements.  On  January  9,  1916, 
Dr.  Eliot  makes  still  further  advance  in  the  suggestion  of  a  small  naval 
■defensive  league  of  faith-keeping  nations,  to  include  Great  Britain, 
France  and  the  United  States,  thus  relieving  Britain  of  her  fear  of 
Hosing  her  colonies  and  affiliated  commonwealths,  relieving  France  of 
her  fear  of  superior  land  power,  and  relieving  the  United  States  of 
the  fear  of  foreign  invasions  by  great  military  powers. 

Representative  Bartholdt's  joint  resolution,  introduced  into  the 
House  of  Representatives  on  January  19,  191 5,  as  reported  the  next 
•day  by  the  New  York  Times,  declares  for  the  creation  of  an  inter- 
national court  of  decree  and  enforcement  for  the  adjustment  of  dis- 
putes among  nations,  this  court  to  have  its  place  of  meeting  at  The 
Hague.  The  resolution  also  presents  in  tentative  form  a  proposed 
international  agreement,  the  object  of  which  is  stated  to  be  the  aboli- 
tion of  international  war  and  the  furtherance  of  peaceful  co-operation 
between  governments.  Some  of  the  provisions  of  this  agreement  are, 
the  creation  of  a  minimum  international  army  and  navy,  the  establish- 
ment and  maintenance  of  such  civil  and  armed  forces  on  land  as  the 
■court  may  decree,  the  contribution  by  each  signatory  country  accord- 
ng  to  population  to  the  support  of  army  and  navy,  the  surrender  to 
the  international  court  of  each  government's  war  vessels,  the  main- 
taining or  dismantling  of  these  vessels  as  directed  by  the  court,  the 
limiting  of  standing  armies  of  member  countries  to  one  soldier  for 
■every  one  thousand  inhabitants,  and  for  representation  in  the  court 
•on  the  basis  of  population  of  the  several  countries,  with  the  exception 
•of  China,  a  special  provision  and  basis  being  made  for  that  country. 

One  wonders  why  China  is  singled  out  for  partial  representation. 
Alfred  Owen  Crozier's  "Supreme  Constitution  for  the  Nation  of 
Nations,"  allows  China  as  many  representatives  as  any  other  nation 
•of  over  fifty  millions. 

The  League  to  Enforce  Peace  has  laid  aside  all  its  early  squeam- 
ishness  about  force.  On  May  31,  1915,  the  New  York  Tribune  re- 
ports the  committee  of  one  hundred  as  announcing  that  "it  is  desir- 
able for  the  United  States  to  join  a  league  of  all  the  great  nations." 
The  same  newspaper  on  June  17,  19 15,  reports  ex-President  Taft  as 
saying  at  old  Independence  Hall  in  Philadelphia,  "We  do  not  think 
the  ultimate  resort  to  force  can  be  safely  omitted  from  an  effective 
league  of  peace." 


In  the  New  York  Times  of  May  13,  1915,  President  Taft  is. 
^P°[|fd  as  making  the  following  remarks  at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  before 
the  World  Court  Congress:  "It  is  to  be  observed  that  this  does  not 
involve  the  members  of  the  league  in  an  obligation  to  enforce  the  judg- 
ment of  the  court  or  the  recommendation  of  the  Commission  of  Con- 
ciliation.   It  only  furnishes  the  instrumentality  of  force  to  prevent 
attack  without  submission.    It  is  believed  it  is  more  practical  than  to. 
attempt  to  enforce  judgments  after  the  hearing.    It  is  wiser  not  to 
attempt  too  much.    I  am  aware  that  membership  in  the  league  would 
involve  011  the  part  of  the  United  States  an  obligation  to  take  part  in 
European  and  Asiatic  wars,  it  may  be,  and  that  in  this  respect  it  would 
be  a  departure  from  the  traditional  policy  of  the  United  States  in 
avoiding  entangling  alliances  with  European  or  Asiatic  countries  But 
I  conceive  that  the  interest  of  the  United  States  in  the  close  relatione 
it  has  of  a  business  and  social  character  with  the  other  countries  of 
the  world— much  closer  now  than  ever  before— would  justify  it  if  such 
a  league  could  be  formed,  in  running  the  risk  (hat  there  might  be  of 
such  a  war  in  making  more  probable  the  securing  of  the  inestimable 
boon  of  peace  of  the  world  that  now  seems  so  far  away." 
_      John  Hays  Hammond,  chairman  of  the  World  Court  Congress 
in  his  opening  address  at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  May  12,  1915,  says  "We- 
pacifists,  if  we  are  to  dominate  the  situation  and  supplant'  the  institu- 
tion of  war  by  those  of  peace  must  be  prepared  to  select  a  practical 
plan  for  the  maintenance  of  peace,  and  not  be  longer  content  with, 
pacifists  platitudes." 

And  only  the  other  day,  May  27,  1916,  President  Wilson,  in  his- 
speech  before  the  League  to  Enforce  Peace  said  that  he  was  sure  the- 
people  of  the  United  States  of  America  would  wish  their  government 
to  become  a  partner  in  a  universal  association  of  nations  to  maintain, 
security  and  prevent  war. 

The  Hon.  Oscar  S.  Straus,  in  the  New  York  Times  of  May  2 
1915,  takes  the  most  advanced  position,  as  follows:  "The  federation  or" 
league  of  all  the  States  of  the  American  Union  embodies  the  ideal  if 
not  the  plan,  for  a  universal  league  or  federation  of  the  nations  as  the- 
surest  and  safest  guarantee  for  securing  the  permanent  peace  of  the- 
world. 

Dr.  Nicholas  Murray  Butler,  in  the  New  York  Times  of  October - 
18>  ",[-!  !  *e  keen  assertion,  "True  internationalism  is  not  the- 
enemy  of  the  nationalistic  principle." 

The  writer  does  not  believe  that  there  is  any  more  necessity  of 
waiting  for  mrther  evolutional  change  todav  than  there  was  in  i78t 
or  17S0  i\ow,  as  then,  strong  individuals  largely  supplement  bio- 
logical development.  A  world's  government  is  as  feasible  at  this  time- 
as  an  American  Government  was  one  hundred  and  twenty-seven  years, 
ago,  it  the  world  s  overmen  will  onlv  bestir  themselves 

Let  the  nations  unite  under  a  government  that  is  at  once  so  general' 
and  so  limited  that  every  man  can  say,  "The  world  is  my  country  but 
my  nation  is  safe.  '' 

The  following  Constitution  is  offered  as  a  means  of  furnishing- 
the  required  machinery.    It  is  only  intended  to  be  tentative,  the  object: 


being  to  lure  on  some  one  else  to  produce  a  better  or  more  acceptable 
one. 

Only  one  change  of  importance  has  been  made  since  the  issue  of 
the  first  edition  of  October  31,  1914,  namely,  in  Article  1,  Section  8, 
Part  10,  in  which  the  idea  of  a  militia  has  been  superseded  by  a  volun- 
teer system.  This  must  be  valued  as  a  change  from  weakness  to 
strength,  for  the  reason  that  the  world's  central  government  is  endowed 
with  almost  unlimited  financial  means  with  which  to  secure  the  services 
of  volunteers. 

Attention  is  earnestly  called  to  certain  articles  and  sections,  as 
follows : 

Article  1,  Section  2,  Paragraph  1.  acknowledges  the  right  of  a 
dominion  to  conduct  itself,  if  it  so  chooses,  without  any  formal  national 
legislature. 

Article  I,  Section  8,  Paragraph  1,  enables  the  central  government 
to  collect  its  own  taxes,  especially  duties,  thus  furnishing  it  with  the 
chief  characteristic  which  brought  success  to  the  United  States  of 
America  under  the  Constitution  as  contrasted  with  the  United  States 
of  America  under  the  Articles  of  Confederation. 

Article  1,  Section  3,  Paragraphs  2  and  3,  supply  the  central  gov- 
ernment with  a  currency  while  protecting  each  dominion  from  any  obli- 
gation to  use  this  currency  internally. 

Article  1,  Section  8,  Paragraph  12,  keeps  the  general  government's 
hands  off  of  commerce,  except  when  the  interests  of  peace  are  threat- 
ened. 

Article  1,  Section  8,  Paragraph  14,  rids  the  world  of  the  old  inter- 
national law  as  fast  as  the  new  government  may  wish  to  abrogate  it. 

Article  1,  Section  9,  Paragraphs  4  to  8.  tend  to  limit  taxation  to 
forms  that  will  interfere  as  little  as  possible  with  national  internal 
affairs. 

Article  1,  Section  9,  Paragraph  15,  emphasizes  the  limitation  of 
federal  powers  to  the  requirements  of  peace. 

Article  1,  Section  10,  Paragraph  3,  implies  the  freedom  of  each 
nation  to  choose  for  itself  between  a  republican  and  a  monarchical 
government. 

Article  I,  Section  8,  Paragraph  3,  ensures  sound  money  for  the 
central  government,  while  Section  10,  Paragraph  1,  ieaves  each 
dominion  government  free  to  adopt  sound  money  if  it  so  desires. 

Article  1,  Section  11.  Paragraph  1.  protects  the  world  in  general 
from  the  preponderant  military  growth  of  any  one  nation  or  group  of 
nations. 

Article  1,  Section  11,  Paragraph  7,  prevents  international  seces- 
sion. 

Article  1.  Section  2,  Paragraph  3,  gives  nations  representation  in 
the  lower  house  according  to  population,  but  other  parts  of  the  Con- 
stitution introduce  all  the  valuable  checks  and  balances  of  the  Ameri- 
can Constitution. 

Article  4,  Section  4,  preserves  a  means  of  revenue  to  the  general 
government  in  cases  where  an  attempt  might  otherwise  be  made  to 
discourage  all  maritime  trade. 


Article  8,  Paragraph  I,  makes  the  general  government  at  its  incep- 
tion safe  from  any  outside  combination  of  nations. 

Article  8,  Paragraph  2,  secures  the  blessings  of  international  peace 
to  the  entire  world. 

Let  it  be  noted  that  the  central  government  is  not  left  dependent 
upon  any  national  government  for  contributions  of  men,  arms  or 
money. 

Edgar  D.  Brinkerhoff. 

Fall  River,  Mass. 
T916,  May  30. 


CONSTITUTION 

OF  THE 

UNITED  NATIONS  OF  THE  EARTH 

PREAMBLE. 

We,  the  people  of  the  United  Nations,  in  order  to  form  a  mutually 
beneficial  union,  establish  international  justice,  insure  international 
tranquillity,  provide  for  international  defense,  promote  international] 
welfare,  and  secure  the  blessings  of  interdominiou  peace  to  ourselves 
and  our  posterity,  do  ordain  and  establish  this  constitution  for  the 
United  Nations  of  Earth. 

ARTICLE  I. 

Parliament  and  Its  Powers. 

Section  i.    Legislative  Powers. 

I.  All  legislative  powers  herein  granted  shall  be  vested  in  a  parlia- 
ment of  the  United  Nations  of  Earth,  which  shall  consist  of  a  senate 
and  duma. 

Section  2.    The  Duma. 

1.  The  duma  shall  be  composed  of  members  chosen  every  second 
year  by  the  people  of  the  several  dominions,  and  the  electors  in  each 
dominion  shall  have  the  qualifications  requisite  for  electors  of  the  most 
numerous  branch  of  its  legislature.  Dumaists  from  dominions  not 
electing  a  national  legislature  shall  be  chosen  by  a  method  consistent 
with  the  political  institutions  of  such  dominions. 

2.  No  person  shall  be  a  dumaist  who  shall  not  have  attained  to 
the  age  of  twenty-five  years,  and  been  seven  years  a  citizen  of  the 
dominion  by  which  delegated,  and  who  shall  not,  when  elected,  be  an 
inhabitant  of  that  dominion  in  which  he  shall  be  chosen. 

3.  Dumaists  and  capitation  taxes  shall  be  apportioned  among  the 
several  dominions  which  may  be  included  within  this  Union  according 
to  their  respective  numbers  of  persons.  The  number  of  dumaists  shall 
not  exceed  one  for  every  three  million,  but  each  dominion  shall  have 
at  least  one  dumaist,  and  until  enumeration  shall  indicate  to  the  con- 
trary, the  following  fifty-four  dominions  shall  be  entitled  to  choose  as 
follows:  Abyssinia,  four;  Afghanistan,  two;  Albania,  one;  Alsace- 
Lorraine-Luxemberg,  one;  Argentina,  three;  Austria-Hungary,  six- 
teen; Baluchistan,  one;  Belgian  Empire,  ten;  Bolivia,  one;  Bosnia,  one; 
Brazil,  eight;  Bulgaria,  two;  Chili,  two;  China,  one  hundred  fourteen, 
Columbia,  two;  Cesta  Rica,  one;  Cuba,  one;  Denmark,  one;  Dutch 
Empire,  fifteen;  Ecuador,  one;  French  Empire,  thirty-two;  German 
Empire  (Germany,  German  East  Africa,  German  Southwest  Africa 
and  Kamerun),  twenty-five;  Greece,  one;  Guatemala,  one;  Hayti,  one; 


Honduras,  one;  Italian  Empire,  twelve;  Japanese  Empire,  twenty- 
three;  Liberia,  one;  Mexico,  six;  Montenegro,  one;  Nicaragua,  one; 
Norway,  one;  Palestine,  one;  Panama,  one;  Paraguay,  one;  Persia, 
four:  Peru,  two;  Poland,  four;  Portuguese  Empire,  five;  Rumania, 
three;  Russian  Empire,  fifty-five;  Salvador,  one:  Santo  Domingo,  one; 
Servia,  one;  Siam,  three;  Spain,  seven;  Sweden,  two;  Switzerland, 
two;  Turkey,  nine;  United  States  of  America,  thirty-six;  Uruguay, 
one ;  Venezuela,  one.  and  British  Empire,  one  hundred  and  forty-three, 
the  above  fifty-four  states  electing  five  hundred  and  seventy-six 
dumaists. 

4.  When  vacancies  happen  in  the  representation  from  any  do- 
minion, the  executive  authority  thereof  shall  issue  writs  of  election  to 
fill  such  vacancies. 

5.  The  duma  shall  choose  their  speaker  and  other  officers,  and 
shall  have  sole  power  of  impeachment. 

Section  3.    The  Senate. 

1.  The  senate  of  the  United  Nations  of  Earth  shall  be  composed 
of  two  senators  from  each  dominion,  elected  by  the  people  or  legisla- 
ture or  proper  authority  thereof,  for  six  years,  and  each  senator  shall 
have  one  vote. 

2.  The  electors  in  each  dominion  shall  have  the  qualifications 
requisite  for  electors  of  the  most  numerous  branch  of  the  dominion 
legislature.  When  vacancies  happen  in  the  representation  of  any 
dominion  in  the  senate,  the  executive  authority  of  such  dominion  shall 
issue  writs  of  election  or  take  other  appropriate  measures  to  fill  such 
vacancies;  Provided,  That  the  legislature  of  any  dominion  may  em- 
power the  executive  thereof  to  make  temporary  appointment  until  the 
people  or  legislature  rill  the  vacancies  by  election  as  the  legislature  may 
direct. 

3.  Immediately  after  they  shall  be  assembled  in  consequence 
of  the  first  election,  they  shall  be  divided  as  equally  as  may  be  into 
three  classes.  The  seats  of  the  senators  of  the  first  class  shall  be 
vacated  at  the  expiration  of  the  second  year :  of  the  second  class,  at 
the  expiration  of  the  fourth  year;  and  of  the  third  class,  at  the  expira- 
tion of  the  sixth  year,  so  that  one-third  may  be  chosen  every  second 
year. 

4.  No  person  shall  be  a  senator  who  shall  not  have'  attained  to 
the  age  of  thirty  years,  and  been  nine  years  a  citizen  of  the  dominion 
by  which  delegated,  and  wdio  shall  not,  when  elected,  be  an  inhabitant 
of- that  dominion  for  which  he  shall  be  chosen. 

5.  The  vice-president  of  the  United  Nations  of  Earth  shall  be 
president  of  the  senate,  but  shall  have  no  vote  unless  they  be  equally 
divided. 

6.  The  senate  shall  choose  their  other  officers,  and  also  a  presi- 
dent pro  tempore  in  the  absence  of  the  vice-president,  or  when  he  shall 
exercise  the  office  of  president  of  the  United  Nations. 

7.  The  senate  shall  have  the  sole  power  to  try  all  impeachment*. 
.When  sitting  for  that  purpose,  they  shall  be  on  oath  or  affirmation. 


When  the  president  of  the  United  Nations  is  tried,  the  chief  jus- 
tice shall  preside ;  and  no  person  shall  be  convicted  without  the  con- 

•currence  of  two-thirds  of  the  members  present. 
•     8.    Judgment  in  cases  of  impeachment  shall  not  extend  further 
than  to  removal  from  office  and  disqualification  to  hold  and  enjoy  any 
office  of  honor,  trust  or  profit  under  the  United  Nations ;  but  the  inrtv 
convicted  shall,  nevertheless,  be  liable  and  subject  to  indictment  trial 

judgment  and  punishment  according  to  law. 

Section  4.    Elections  and  Meetings. 

1.  The  times,  places  and  manner  of  holding  elections  for  sena- 
tors and  dumaists  shall  be  prescribed  in  each  dominion  by  the  legis- 
lature or  regularly  constituted  authority  thereof. 

2.  T  he  parliament  shall  assemble  at  least  once  in  every  year  and 
such  meetings  shall  be  on  the  last  Monday  in  fanuary,  unless  they  shall 
by  law  appoint  a  different  day. 

Section  5.    Separate  Powers. 

1.  Each  house  shall  be  the  judge  of  the  elections,  returns  and  quali- 
fications  of  its  own  members,  and  a  majority  of  each  shall  constitute 
a  quorum  to  do  business;  but  a  smaller  number  may  adjourn  from 
day  to  day  and  may  be  authorized  to  compel  the  attendance  of  absent 
members,  in  such  manner  and  under  such  penalties  as  each  house  may 
provide. 

2.  Each  house  may  determine  the  rules  of  its  proceedings,  punish 
it.<  members  for  disorderly  behavior,  and.  with  the  concurrence  of  two- 
thirds,  expel  a  member. 

3.  Each  bouse  shall  keep  a  journal  of  its  proceedings,  and 
promptly  publish  the  same,  and  the  yeas  and  nays  of  the  members  of 
cither  house  on  any  question  shall,  at  the  desire  of  one-fifth  of  those 
present,  be  entered  on  the  journal. 

4.  Neither  house,  during  the  session  of  parliament,  shall,  without 
the  consent  of  the  other,  adjourn  for  more  than  three  days,  nor  to  any 
other  place  than  that  in  which  the  two  houses  shall  be  sitting. 


Section  Ci.  COMPENSATION. 

1.  The  senators  and  dumaists  shall  receive  a  compensation  for 
their  services,  to  be  ascertained  by  law,  and  paid  out  of  the  treasury 
oi  ilie  United  Nations  of  Earth.  They  shall,  in  all  cases  except  trea- 
son, felony  and  breach  of  the  peace,  be  privileged  from  arrest,  during 
their  attendance  at  the  session  of  their  respective  houses,  and  ill  going 
to  and  returning  from  the  same :  and  for  any  speech  or  debate  in  cither 
house  they  shall  not  be  questioned  in  any  other  place. 

2.  No  senator  or  dumaist  shall,  during  the  time  for  which  he 
was  elected,  be  appointed  to  any  civil  office  under  the  authority  of  the 
United  Nations  which  shall  have  been  created,  or  the  emoluments 
whereof  shall  have  been  increased  during  such  timej  and  no  person 


holding  any  office  under  the  United  Nations  shall  be  a  member  of 
either  house  during  his  continuance  in  office. 

Section  7.  Bills. 

1.  All  bills  for  raisng  revenue  shall  originate  in  the  duma,  but 
the  senate  may  propose  or  concur  with  amendments  as  on  other  bills. 

2.  Every  bill  which  shall  have  passed  the  duma  and  the  senate 
shall,  before  it  becomes  a  law,  be  presented  to  the  president  of  the 
United  Nations  of  Earth;  if  he  approve  he  shall  sign  it,  but  if  not,  he 
shall  return  it,  with  his  objections,  to  that  house  in  which  it  shall  have 
originated,  who  shall  enter  the  objections  at  large  on  their  journal,  and 
1  rbceed  to  reconsider  it.  If  after  such  reconsideration  two-thirds  of 
that  house  shall  agree  to  pass  the  bill,  it  shall  be  sent,  together  with 
the  objections,  to  the  other  house,  by  which  it  shall  likewise  be  recon- 
sidered, and  if  approved  by  two-thirds  of  that  house  it  shall  become  a 
law.  But  in  all  such  cases  the  votes  of  both  houses  shall  be  deter- 
mined by  yeas  and  nays,  and  the  names  of  the  persons  voting  for  and 
against  the  bill  shall  be  entered  on  the  journal  of  each  house  respec- 
tivelv.  If  any  bill  shall  not  be  returned  by  the  president  within  ten 
days  after  it  shall  have  been  presented  to  him,  the  same  shall  be  a  law, 
in  like  manner  as  if  he  had  signed  it,  unless  parliament  by  their  adjourn- 
ment prevent  its  return,  in  which  case  it  shall  not  be  a  law. 

3.  Every  order,  resolution  or  vote  to  which  the  concurrence  of 
the  senate  and  duma  may  be  necessary  (except  on  a  question  of  ad- 
journment) shall  be  presented  to  the  president  of  the  United  Nations; 
and  before  the  same  shall  take  effect  shall  be  approved  by  him,  or, 
being  disapproved  by  him.  shall  be  repassed  by  two-thirds  of  the  senate 
end  duma.  according  to  the  rules  and  limitations  prescribed  in  the  case 
of  a  bill. 

Section  8.    General  Powers. 
t.    The  parliament  shall  have  power: 

To  lay  and  collect  taxes  for  the  sole  purpose  of  paying  the  debts 
of  the  United  Nations  of  Earth  and  providing  for  the  defense  of  any 
dominion  attacked  by  any  dominion  or  power  of  any  kind  outside  of 
itself :  but  all  duties  shall  be  uniform  throughout  the  United  Nations, 
and  shall  apply  to  all  articles  imported  by  any  dominion  from  any 
region  outside  of  itself  except  the  interdominion  waters,  and  to  all 
articles  exported  by  any  dominion  to  any  region  outside  of  itself,  the 
collection  being  made  at  both  point  of  export  and  of  import,  export 
and  import  duty  being  equal,  and  the  rate  being  only  ad  valorem  and 
always  the  same  for  one  article  as  for  another. 

2.  To  borrow  money  on  the  credit  of  the  United  Nations  when 
necessary ;  but  no  currencies  or  other  obligations  of  the  general  gov- 
ernment shall  be  made  a  universal  legal  tender  nor  so  regulated  as  to 
supplant  the  currencies  of  the  individual  nations. 

3.  To  coin  gold  in  multiples  of  units  of  twenty-five  and  eight- 
tent!''.;  grains  nine-tenths  fine,  which  the  United  Nations  will  receive 


for  customs  duties,  and  pay  out  for  services  or  debt,  and  to  adopt  the 
metric  system  of  weights  and  measures  for  the  use  of  the  general  gov- 
ernment; but  in  the  vicissitude  of  the  depreciation  of  gold  to  such  an 
extent  as  to  unfit  this  metal  for  use  as  standard  money,  another  sub- 
stance may  be  adopted  for  this  purpose  by  the  parliament ;  but  under 
no  circumstances  shall  more  than  one  substance  be  authorized  as  money 
of  redemption,  nor  shall  a  labor  standard  or  a  composite  standard  of 
any  kind  be  adopted. 

4.  To  provide  for  the  punishment  of  counterfeiting  the  bonds, 
notes,  currencies  and  other  securities  and  coin  of  the  general  govern- 
ment of  the  United  Nations. 

5.  To  constitute  tribunals  inferior  to  the  Supreme  Court. 

6.  To  raise  and  support  armies ;  but  no  appropriation  of  money 
to  that  use  shall  be  for  a  longer  term  than  three  years. 

7.  To  provide  for  the  United  Nations  a  regular  standing  army, 
sufficient  to  enforce  interdominion  peace,  selected  from  all  nations  as 
nearly  as  may  be  in  the  proportion  of  the  population  of  the  several 
dominions,  and  all  its  officers  to  be  required  to  understand  or  acquire 
Esperanto,  Ido  or  other  artificial  language  adopted  by  the  parliament. 

8.  To  provide  and  maintain  a  navy. 

9.  To  make  rules  for  the  government  and  regulation  of  the  land 
and  naval  forces. 

10.  To  provide  for  calling  forth  volunteers  from  all  nations  in 
proportion  to  population  to  augment  the  regular  army  and  navy  when 
necessary  to  execute  the  laws  of  the  Union,  suppress  insurrection 
against  the  government  of  the  Union  and  repel  invasion  of  any  do- 
minion by  any  power  outside  of  itself. 

11.  To  exercise  exclusive  legislation  in  all  cases  whatsoever  over 
such  district  (not  exceeding  twenty  miles  square)  as  may,  by  cession 
of  particular  dominions,  and  the  acceptance  of  parliament  become  the 
seat  of  government  of  the  United  Nations,  and  to  exercise  like  author- 
ity over  all  places  purchased  by  the  consent  of  the  legislature  of  the 
dominion  in  which  the  same  shall  be.  for  the  erection  of  forts,  maga- 
zines, arsenals,  dockyards,  and  other  needful  buildings. 

12.  To  exercise  regulation  of  commerce  among  the  several 
dominions,  if  necessary  to  the  conservation  of  international  peace,  and 
with  any  native  tribes  not  included  within  the  territory  af  any  do- 
minion. 

13.  To  define  and  punish  piracies  and  felonies  committed  on 
the  high  seas,  and  offenses  against  that  part  of  what  has  hitherto  been 
known  as  international  law  which  may  be  adopted  by  the  world  gov- 
ernment. 

14.  To  declare  war  on  nations  outside  of  the  Union. 

15.  To  make  rules  concerning  captures  on  land  and  water;  and 

16.  To  make  all  laws  which  shall  be  necessary  and  proper  for 
carrying  into  execution  the  foregoing  powers,  and  all  other  powers 
vested  by  this  constitution  in  the  government  of  the  United  Nations, 
or  in  any  department  or  officer  thereof. 


Section  9.    Limitation  of  Powers. 

1  Parliament  shall  not  prohibit  the  migration  of  such  persons 
as  any  of  the  dominions  of  this  Union  shall  think  proper  to  admit. 

2.  Parliament  shall  not  suspend  the  privilege  of  the  writ  of 
habeas  corpus,  unless  when,  in  cases  of  rebellion  against  the  govern- 
ment of  the  United  Nations  of  Earth  or  invasion  of  a  dominion  by  a 
power  outside  of  itself,  the  public  safety  may  require  it. 

3.  The  parliament  shall  not  pass  any  bill  of  attainder  or  ex  post 
facto  law. 

4.  The  parliament  shall  not  lay  any  income  or  excise  tax. 

5.  The  parliament  shall 'not  lav  any  tax  or  duty  on  articles  ex- 
ported from  one  part  of  any  of  the  fifty-four  nations  admitted  to  this 
Union  to  another  part  of  the  same  nation. 

0.  The  parliament  shall  not  lay  any  tax  other  than  customs  duties 
so  long  as  in  their  judgment  this  source  is  sufficient  for  public  pur- 
poses. 

7.  The  parliament  shall  not  lay  any  capitation  tax  unless  in  pro- 
portion to  the  population  of  the  several  dominions. 

8.  The  parliament  shall  not  lay  any  other  direct  tax  unless  in 
proportion  to  the  rental  value  of  the  land  of  the  several  dominions. 

9.  The  parliament  shall  not  make  any  regulation  of  commerce 
0:  revenue  giving  preference  to  the  ports  of  one  dominion  over  those 
of  another;  nor  shall  vessels  bound  to  or  from  one  dominion  be  obliged 
to  enter,  clear  or  pay  duties  in  an}'  other  except  the  one  for  which  its 
papers  are  drawn  up. 

10.  The  parliament  shall  not  make  any  law  establishing  patents, 
copyrights,  bankruptcies,  extradition  or  rules  of  naturalization.  Leg- 
islation on  these  subjects  is  to  be  left  to  the  several  dominions. 

11.  1'he  parliament  shall  not  enact  any  law  interfering  with  the 
liquor  trade,  or  opium  trade,  or  restricting  any  dominion  in  its  policy 
as  to  banking,  coinage,  money,  credit  and  extradition,  unless,  in  case 
of  extradition,  interdominion  peace  require  it. 

\2.  Parliament  shall  make  no  law  respecting  an  establishment  of 
leligion,  or  prohibiting  the  free  exercise  thereof,  or  abridging  the  free- 
dom of  speech,  or  of  the  press,  or  of  the  right  of  the  people  peaceably 
to  assemble,  and  to  petition  the  government  for  a  redress  of  grievances. 

13.  The  parliament  shall  not  make  any  law  denying  or  abridging 
on  account  of  race,  color  or  previous  condition  of  servitude  the  right 
of  citizens  of  the  United  Nations  to  vote. 

14.  A  well-regulated  militia  being  necessary  to  the  security  of  a 
free  state,  parliament  shall  not  make  any  law  infringing  the  right 
of  the  people  to  keep  and  bear  arms. 

13.  In  general  the  laws  made  by  parliament  under  this  constitu- 
tion shall  tend  to  be  confined  to  measures  conducive  directly  or  indi- 
rectly to  interdominion  peace,  leaving  to  the  individual  dominions  the 
right  to  administer  internal  affairs  in  their  own  way. 

Section  10.    General  Limitations. 
I.    The  general  government  of  the  United  Nations  shall  net  inter- 
fere with  the  policy  of  any  dominion  as  to  patets,  copyrights,  coinage, 


banking,  extradition,  bankruptcies,  naturalization,  standards  of  weights 
and  measures,  or  regulating  the  value  of  foreign  coin,  so  long  as  said 
policy  does  not  conflict  with  the  constitution  of  the  United  Nations. 

2.  No  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  treasury  but  in  consequence 
of  appropriations  made  by  law;  and  a  regular  statement  and  account 
of  the  receipts  and  expenditures  of  all  public  money  shall  be  published 
from  time  to  time. 

3.  No  title  of  nobility  shall  be  granted  by  the  general  govern- 
ment of  the  United  Nations,  and  no  person  holding  any  office  of  profit 
or  trust  under  them  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the  parliament,  accept 
of  any  present,  emolument,  office  or  title  of  any  kind  whatever,  from 
any  king,  prince  or  government  other  than  those  of  the  dominion  from 
which  he  has  been  delegated. 

4.  Suffrage  as  accorded  by  the  government  of  each  dominion  in 
its  internal  affairs  is  not  to  be  interfered  with  or  abridged  by  the  United 
Nations.  Suffrage  as  accorded  by  the  several  dominions  in  United 
Nations  affairs  is  nut  to  he  interfered  with  by  the  govemnment  of  the 
United  Nations  unless  inconsistent  with  this  constitution. 

5.  No  soldier  of  the  government  of  the  United  Nations  shall  in 
time  ai  peace  be  quartered  111  any  house  without  the  consent  of  the 
owner;  nor  in  time  of  war  but  in  a  manner  to  be  prescribed  by  law. 

6.  The  federal  government,  that  is.  the  government  of  the  United 
Nations  of  Earth,  shall  not  violate  the  right  of  the  people  to  be  secure 
in  their  persons,  houses,  papers  and  effects  against  unreasonable 
searches  and  seizures,  and  it  shall  not  issue  warrants,  but  upon  prob- 
able cause,  supported  by  oath  or  affirmation,  and  particularly  describing 
the  place  to  be  searched  and  the  persons  or  things  to  be  seized. 

7.  In  the  administration  of  the  government  of  the  United  Na- 
tions, no  person  shall  he  held  to  answer  for  a  capital  or  otherwise  in- 
famous crime  unless  on  a  presentment  or  indictment  of  a  grand  jury, 
except  in  cases  arising  in  the  land  or  naval  forces  or  in  the  forces  of 
any  dominion  when  in  actual  service  of  the  general  government  in  time 
of  war  or  public  danger,  nor  shall  any  person  be  subject  for  the  same 
offense  to  be  twice  put  in  jeopardy  of  life  or  limb;  nor  shall  be  com- 
pelled in  any  criminal  case  to  be  a  witness  against  himself;  nor  be  de- 
prived of  life,  liberty  or  property  without  due  process  of  law  ;  nor  shall 
private  property  be  taken  for  public  use  without  just  compensation. 

8.  In  administering  the  constitution'  and  laws  of  the  United 
Nations,  in  all  criminal  prosecutions  the  accused  shall  enjoy  the  right 
to  a  speedy  and  public  trial  by  an  impartial  jury  of  the  dominion  and 
district  wherein  the  crime  shall  have  been  committed,  which  district 
shall  have  been  previously  ascertained  by  law,  and  to  be  informed  of 
the  nature  and  cause  of  the  accusation ;  to  be  confronted  with  the  wit- 
nesses against  him ;  to  have  compulsory  process  for  obtaining  witnesses 
in  his  favor,  and  to  have  the  assistance  of  counsel  for  his  defense. 

9.  In  administering  the  constitution  and  laws  of  the  United  Na- 
tions, when  reviewing  suits  at  common  law  where  the  value  in  ci  :  '.:<.• 
versy  shall  exceed  the  value  of  464.4  grains  of  pure  gold,  the  right  of 
trial  by  jury  shall  be  preserved;  and  no  fact  tried  by  a  jury  shall  be 
otherwise  re-examined  in  any  federal  court  of  the  United  Nations  than 


according  to  the  rules  of  the  common  law  of  the  dominion  in  which 
|he  offense  occurred. 

10.  In  administering  the  constitution  and  laws  of  the  United 
Nations,  excessive  bail  shall  not  be  required  nor  excessive  fines  im- 
posed, nor  cruel  and  unusual  punishments  inflicted. 

Section  II.    National  Powers. 

1.  No  dominion  shall,  without  the  consent  of  parliament,  keep 
Jroops  or  ships  of  war  in  time  of  peace  beyond  its  internal  necessities. 

2.  No  dominion  shall  grant  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal. 

3.  No  dominion  shall  engage  in  war  with  any  dominion  in  or  out 
Of  this  Union  unless  actually  invaded,  or  in  such  imminent  danger  as 
will  not  admit  of  delay. 

~  4.  The  separate  dominions  shall  not  acquire  or  hold  coaling  sta- 
tions outside  of  their  own  domain. 

5.  No  dominion  shall  enter  into  any  treaty,  alliance,  entente  or 
Confederation;  or  enter  into  any  agreement  or  compact  with  another 
nation  except  as  to  copyrights,  patents,  postal  matters  and  extradition. 

6.  All  persons  born  or  naturalized  in  the  United  Nations  and 
Subject  to  the  jurisdiction  thereof  are  citizens  of  the  United  Nations. 
No  dominion  shall  make  or  enforce  any  law  which  shall  abridge  the 
orivileges  or  immunities  of  citizens  of  the  United  Nations. 

7.  No  nation  shall  secede  from  this  Union. 


ARTICLE  II. 

The  President  and  His  Powers. 
Section  1.    Election  of  President. 

1.  The  executive  power  shall  be  vested  in  a  president  of  the 
United  Nations  of  Earth.  He  shall  hold  his  office  during  a  single 
term  of  six  years,  and,  together  with  the  vice-president,  chosen  for 
ihe  same  term,  be  elected  as  follows : 

2.  Each  dominion  shall  appoint  in  such  manner  as  the  legislature 
tKereof  may  direct,  a  number  of  electors,  equal  to  the  whole  number 
pf  senators  and  dumaists  to  which  the  dominion  may  be  entitled  in  the 
parliament;  but  no  senator  or  dumaist  or  person  holding  an  office  of 
trust  or  profit  under  the  United  Nations  shall  be  appointed  an  elector. 

3.  The  electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective  dominions  and  vote 
By  ballot  for  president  and  vice-president,  one  of  whom  at  least  shall 
flOf  be  an  inhabitant  of  the  same  dominion  with  themselves ;  they  shall 
tfatne  in  their  ballots  the  person  voted  for  as  president,  and  in  distinct 
ballots  the  person  voted  for  as  vice-president,  and  they  shall  make  dis- 
tinct lists  of  all  persons  voted  for  as  president,  and  of  all  persons  voted 
for  as  vice-president,  and  of  the  number  of  votes  for  'each ;  which  list 


they  shall  sign  and  certify,  and  transmit  sealed  to  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment of  the  United  Nations,  directed  to  the  president  of  the  senate. 
The  president  of  the  senate  shall,  in  the  presence  of  the  senate  and 
duma,  open  all  the  certificates  and  the  votes  shall  then  be  counted ;  the 
person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  for  president  shall  be  tble 
president,  if  such  number  be  a  majority  of  the  whole  number  of  elec- 
tors appointed;  and  if  no  person  have  such  a  majority,  then  from  trie 
persons  having  the  highest  numbers,  not  exceeding  three,  on  the  list  of 
those  voted  for  as  president,  the  duma  shall  choose  immediately,  by 
ballot,  the  president.  But  in  choosing  the  president,  the  vote  shall  he 
taken  by  dominions,  the  representation  from  each  dominion  having 
cne  vote ;  a  quorum  for  this  purpose  shall  consist  of  a  member  or  mem- 
bers from  two-thirds  of  the  dominions,  and  a  majority  of  all  the  do- 
minions shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice.  And  if  the  duma  shall  nojt 
choose  a  president  whenever  the  right  of  a  choice  shall  devolve  upon 
them,  before  the  fourth  day  of  April  next  following,  then  the  vice  presi- 
dent shall  act  as  president,  as  in  the  case  of  the  death  or  other  consti- 
tutional disability  of  the  president.  The  person  having  the  greatest 
number  of  votes  as  vice-president  shall  be  the  vice-president,  if  such 
number  be  a  majority  of  the  whole  number  of  electors  appointed;  and 
if  no  person  have  a  majority,  then  from  the  two  highest  numbers  oa 
the  list  the  senate  shall  choose  the  vice-president ;  a  quorum  for  the 
purpose  shall  consist  of  two-thirds  of  the  whole  number  of  senators, 
and  a  majority  of  the  whole  number  shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice, 
but  no  person  constitutionally  ineligible  to  the  office  of  president  shall 
be  eligible  to  that  of  vice-president  of  the  United  Nations. 

4.  The  parliament  may  determine  the  time  of  choosing  the  elec- 
tors, and  the  day  on  which  they  shall  give  their  votes ;  which  day  shall 
be  the  same  throughout  the  United  Nations. 

5.  No  person  shall  be  eligible  to  the  office  of  president  who  shall 
not  have  attained  to  the  age  of  thirty-five  years. 

6.  In  case  of  the  removal  of  the  president  from  office,  or  of  his 
death,  resignation,  or  inability  to  discharge  the  powers  and  duties  of 
the  said  office,  the  same  shall  devolve  on  the  vice-president,  and  the 
parliament  may  by  law  provide  for  the  case  of  removal,  death,  resig- 
nation or  inability  both  of  the  president  and  vice-president,  declaring 
what  officer  shall  then  act  as  president,  and  such  officer  shall  act  accord- 
ingly until  the  disability  be  removed  or  a  president  shall  be  elected. 

7.  The  president  shall  at  stated  times  receive  for  his  services  a 
compensation  which  shall  be  neither  increased  nor  diminished  during 
the  period  for  which  he  shall  have  been  elected,  and  lie  shall  not  receive 
within  that  period  any  other  emolument  from  the  United  Nations  or  any 
of  them,  or  from  any  other  power  whatever. 

8.  Before  he  enter  on  the  execution  of  his  office  he  shall  take 
the  following  oath  or  affirmation: 

"I  do  solemnly  swear  (or  affirm)  that  I  will  faithfully  execute 
the  office  of  president  of  the  United  Nations  and  will,  to  the  best  of 
my  ability  preserve,  protect  and  defend  the  constitution  of  the  United 
Nations  of  Earth." 


Section  2.    Powers  of  President. 


i  The  president  shall  be  commander-in-chief  of  the  army  and 
navy  of  the  United  Nations  of  Earth  and  of  any  volunteer  forces  of 
the  several  dominions,  when  called  into  the  actual  service  of  the  United 
Nations  He  may  require  the  opinion  in  writing,  of  the  principal 
officer  in  each  of  the  executive  departments  upon  any  subject  relating 
to  the  duties  of  their  respective  offices,  and  he  shall  have  power  to 
grant  reprieves  and  pardons  for  offenses  against  the  United  Nations, 
except  in  cases  of  impeachment. 

2.  He  shall  have  power,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of 
the  senate  to  make  with  nations  remaining  outside  of  this  Union, 
treaties  terminating  not  later  than  ten  years  after  the  adoption  of  this 
constitution  provided  two-thirds  of  the  senators  present  concur. 

3  The  president  shall  nominate,  and,  by  and  with  the  advice  and 
consent  of  the  senate,  shall  appoint  consuls,  judges  of  the  supreme 
court,  ambassadors  and  public  ministers  to  dominions  outside  of  this 
Union  for  ten  years  after  the  adoption  of  this  constitution,  and  all 
Other  officers  of  the  United  Nations  whose  appointments  are  not  herein 
otherwise  provided  for,  and  which  shall  be  established  by  law ;  but 
the  parliament  may  by  law  vest  the  appointment  of  such  inferior  officers 
as  they  think  proper  in  the  president  alone,  in  the  courts  of  law  or  in 
the  heads  of  departments. 

4.  The  president  shall  have  power  to  fill  up  all  vacancies  that  may 
happen  during  the  recess  of  the  senate,  by  granting  commissions  which 
shall  expire  at  the  end  of  their  next  session. 


Section  3.    Duties  of  President. 


I.  He  shall  from  time  to  time  give  to  the  parliament  informa- 
tion of  the  state  of  the  union,  and  recommend  to  their  consideration 
such  measures  as  he  shall  judge  necessary  and  expedient ;  he  may  on 
extraordinary  occasions»convene  both  houses  or  either  of  them,  and 
in  case  of  disagreement  between  them  with  respect  to  the  time  of 
adjournment,  he  may  adjourn  them  to  such  time  as  he  shall  think 
proper ;  he  shall  receive  ambassadors  and  public  ministers  from  nations 
outside  of  this  Union  for  ten  years  after  the  adoption  of  this  consti- 
tution ;  and  he  shall  take  care  that  the  laws  of  the  parliament  be  faith- 
fully executed,  and  shall  commission  all  of  the  officers  of  the  United 
Nations. 


Section  4.  Removal. 

I.  The  president,  vice-president,  and  all  civil  officers  of  the 
United  Nations  of  Earth  shall  be  removed  from  office  on  impeachment 
for  and  conviction  of  treason,  bribery,  or  other  high  crimes  and  mis- 
demeanors. 


ARTICLE  III. 


Supreme  Court  and  Judicial  Poivers. 
Section  I. 

I.  The  judicial  power  of  the  United  Nations  of  Earth  shall  he 
vested  in  one  supreme  court  and  in  such  inferior  courts  as  the  parlia- 
ment may  from  time  to  time  ordain  and  establish.  The  judges,  both 
of  the  supreme  and  inferior  courts  shall  hold  their  offices  during  good 
behavior,  and  shall  at  stated  times  receive  for  their  services  a  com- 
pensation which  shall  not  be  diminished  during  their  continuance  in 
office. 

Section  2. 

1.  The  judicial  power  shall  extend  to  all  cases  in  law  and  equity 
arising  under  this  constitution,  the  laws  of  the  United  Nations,  and 
treaties  made  in  the  first  ten  years  under  their  authority  ;  to  all  cases 
affecting  consuls;  to  all  cases  affecting  ambassadors  and  public  minis- 
ters for  the  first  ten  years;  to  all  cases  of  admiralty  and  maritime 
jurisdiction ;  to  controversies  to  which  the  United  Nations  shall  be  a 
party ;  to  controversies  between  two  or  more  dominions ;  between  a 
dominion  and  citizens  or  subjects  of  another  dominion ;  between  citi- 
zens or  subjects  of  different  dominions  ;  and  between  citizens  of  the 
same  dominion  claiming  lands  under  grants  of  different  national  gov- 
ernments. 

2.  In  all  cases  in  which  a  dominion  of  this  Union  shall  be  a  party, 
the  supreme  court  shall  have  original  jurisdiction.  In  all  the  other 
cases  before  mentioned,  the  supreme  court  shall  have  appellate  jurisdic- 
tion, both  as  to  law  and  fact,  with  such  exceptions  and  under  such  regu- 
lations as  the  parliament  shall  make. 

3.  The  federal  trial  of  all  crimes,  except  in  cases  of  impeach- 
ment shall  be  by  jury,  and  such  trial  shall  be  held  in  the  dominion 
where  the  said  crimes  shall  have  been  committed,  but  when  not  com- 
mitted within  any  dominion,  the  trial  shall  be  at  such  place  or  places 
as  the  parliament  may  by  law  have  directed. 

Section  3. 

1.  Treason  against  the  United  Nations  shall  consist  only  in  levy- 
ing war  against  them  or  in  adhering  to  their  enemies,  giving  them  aid 
and  comfort.  No  person  shall  be  convicted  of  treason  unless  on  the 
testimony  of  two  witnesses  to  the  same  overt  act,  or  on  confession  in 
open  court. 

2.  The  parliament  shall  have  power  to  declare  the  punishment 
of  treason,  but  no  attainder  of  treason  shall  work  corruption  of  blood 
except  during  the  life  of  the  person  attainted. 

Section  4. 

1.    The  judicial  power  of  the  United  Nations  shall  not  be  con- 


strued  to  extend  to  any  suit  in  law  or  equity,  commenced  or  prosecuted 
against  one  of  the  United  Nations  by  citizens  or  subjects  of  that  do- 
minion or  of  another  dominion  of  this  Union. 


ARTICLE  IV. 

|  Rights  of  Nations  and  Citizetis. 

Section  I. 

I.  A  person  charged  in  any  dominion  with  treason,  felony,  or 
other  crime,  who  shall  flee  from  justice,  and  be  found  in  another  do- 
minion, shall,  on  demand  of  the  executive  authority  of  the  dominion 
from  which  he  fled,  be  delivered  up  to  be  removed  to  the  dominion 
having  jurisdiction  of  the  crime,  provided  there  is  a  mutual  extradition 
treaty  to  this  effect.  In  the  absence  of  an  extradition  treaty,  the  gen- 
eral government  must  not  intervene,  except  in  the  interest  of  inter- 
dominion  peace  and  interdominion  justice. 

Section  2. 

1.  New  dominions  may  be  admitted  by  the  parliament  into  this 
Union;  but  no  new  dominion  shall  be  formed  or  erected  within  the 
jurisdiction  of  any  other  dominion  of  this  Union;  nor  any  dominion  be 
formed  by  the  junction  of  two  or  more  dominions  of  this  Union,  or 
parts  of  dominions  of  this  Union,  without  the  consent  of  the  legislature  ( 
of  the  dominions  concerned  as  well  as  of  the  parliament  of  the  United 
Nations  of  Earth. 

2.  The  parliament  shall  have  power  to  dispose  of  and  make  all 
needful  rules  and  regulations  respecting  the  territory  or  other  property 
belonging  to  the  United  Nations  of  Earth ;  and  nothing  in  this  consti- 
tution shall  be  so  construed  as  to  prejudice  any  claims  of  the  United 
Nations  of  Earth,  or  of  any  particular  dominion. 

Section  3. 

I.  The  United  Nations  shall  protect  each  of  them  against  inva- 
sion from  without,  and,  on  joint  application  of  the  legislature,  the 
executive  and  the  judiciary,  against  domestic  violence. 

Section  4. 

I.  No  dominion  shall  be  interfered  with  in  its  policy  to  lay  on 
any  article  of  export  or  import  a  duty  not  exceeding  four  times  the 
duty  laid  by  the  general  government  on  the  same  article.  But  the 
entire  prohibition  of  the  importation  or  exportation  of  any  article  by 
any  government  shall  be  followed  by  a  special  direct  tax  levied  by  the 


general  government  to  an  amount  estimated  to  equal  the  loss  of  revenue 
on  account  of  such  prohibition,  except  that  parliament  may  name  cer- 
tain articles  that  any  dominion  will  be  allowed  to  prohibit  as  a  police 
measure  without  bearing  such  special  tax  as  a  consequence. 

Section  5. 

1.  No  interdominion  slave  trade  shall  exist  anywhere  in  the 
Earth. 

Section  6. 

r.  The  enumeration  in  this  constitution  of  certain  rights  shail 
not  be  construed  to  deny  or  disparage  others  retained  by  the  individual 
dominions  or  by  the  people. 

Section  7. 

1.  The  powers  not  delegated  to  the  United  Nations  by  this  con- 
stitution, nor  prohibited  by  it  to  the  dominions,  arc  reserved  to  the 
dominions  respectively,  or  to  the  people. 


ARTICLE  V. 

Disqualification  by  Rebellion. 
Section  1. 

I.  No  person  shall  be  a  senator  or  dumaist  in  parliament  or 
elector  of  president  or  vice-president,  or  hold  any  office,  civil  or  mili- 
tary, under  the  United  Nations  of  Earth  who,  having  previously  taken 
an  oath  as  member  of  parliament,  or  as  an  officer  of  the  United  Na- 
tions, or  as  a  member  of  any  dominion  legislature,  or  as  an  executive 
or  judicial  officer  of  any  dominion,  to  support  the  constitution  of  the 
United  Nations,  shall  have  engaged  in  insurrection  or  rebellion  against 
the  same,  or  given  aid  or  comfort  to  the  enemies  thereof ;  but  parlia- 
ment may,  by  a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  each  house,  remove  such  disa- 
bility. 

Section  2. 

1.  The  validity  of  the  public  debt  of  the  United  Nations,  author- 
ized by  law,  including  debts  incurred  for  payment  of  pensions  and 
bounties  for  services  in  suppressing  any  insurrection  or  rebellion 
against  the  general  government  shall  not  be  questioned.  But 
neither  the  United  Nations  nor  any  of  them  shall  assume  or  pay 
any  debt  or  obligation  incurred  in  aid  of  insurrection  or  rebellion 
against  the  United  Nations ;  or  any  claim  for  the  loss  or  emancipation 
of  any  slave ;  but  all  such  debts,  obligations  and  claims  shall  be  held 
illegal  and  void. 

Section  3. 

1.  The  parliament  shall  have  power  to  enforce,  by  appropriate 
legislation,  the  provisions  of  this  article. 


ARTICLE  VI. 


Amendments  to  the  Constitution. 

I.  The  parliament,  whenever  two-thirds  of  both  houses  shall 
deem  it  necessary,  shall  propose  amendments  to  this  constitution  of 
the  United  Nations  of  Earth,  or  on  the  application  of  the  legislatures 
of  two-thirds  of  the  several  dominions,  shall  call  a  convention  for  pro- 
posing amendments,  which  in  either  case  shall  be  valid  to  all  intents 
and  purposes,  as  part  of  this  constitution,  when  ratified  by  the  legisla- 
tures of  three-fourths  of  the  several  dominions,  or  by  conventions  in 
three-fourths  thereof,  as  the  one  or  the  other  mode  of  ratification  may 
be  proposed  by  the  parliament ;  provided  that  no  dominion,  without  its 
consent,  shall  'be  deprived  of  its  equal  suffrage  in  the  senate. 


ARTICLE  VII. 
Supreme  Authority  of  Constitution. 

1.  This  constitution  and  the  laws  of  the  United  Nations  which 
shall  be.  made  in  pursuance  thereof;  and  all  treaties  made  under  the 
authority  of  the  United  Nations  for  the  first  ten  years,  shall  be  the 
supreme  law  of  the  land ;  and  the  judges  in  every  dominion  shall  be 
bound  thereby,  anything  in  the  constitution  or  laws  of  any  dominion  to 
the  contrary  notwithstanding. 

2.  The  senators  and  dumaisfs  before  mentioned,  and  the  members 
of  the  several  dominion  legislatures,  and  all  executive  and  judicial 
officers,  both  of  the  United  Nations  of  Earth  and  of  the  several  domin- 
ions, shall  be  bound  by  oatli  or  affirmation  to  support  this  constitution ; 
but  no  religious  test  shall  ever  be  required  as  a  qualification  to  any  office 
or  public  trust  under  the  United  Nations. 


ARTICLE  VIII. 
Ratification  of  tlie  Constitution. 

1.  The  ratification  of  the  government  of  the  British  Empire, 
Russia,  the  United  States  of  America,  Fiance,  Germany,  Japan, 
Austria-Hungary,  Italy  and  ten  other  dominions  shall  be  sufficient  for 
the  establishment  of  this  constitution  among  the  nations  so  ratifying 
the  same. 

2.  Within  ten  years  after  the  adoption  of  this  constitution  by 
the  above  eighteen  governments,  the  remaining  nations  of  the  globe 
shall  join  the  Union,  and  measures  shall  be  taken  by  the  general  gov- 
niment  to  cstend  its  limited  authority  over  all.  Such  dominions  join- 
ing voluntarily  or  by  coercion  shall  be  admitted  into  the  Union  with 
the  territorial  delimitations  fixed  by  the  peace  convention  at  the  termi- 
nation of  the  War  of  the  Fourteen  Nations. 


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